%% >[!INFO] TOP LEVEL FRAMING >Risk - Vulnerability - Restructuring - historical context Response - Hazards - Reshaping - power dynamics Resilience - Capacities - Retaining - anti-systemic, AFN activities & social movements %% >'If Hawaii makes no change in her system of production, and her shipping is cut off' from any cause, her food stocks will be depleted in a few days — in a few weeks she will know deprivation — and in a few months she may face starvation.' >Major General H. A. Drum, then commanding the Hawaiian Department of the United States Army [@barber_1938, p. 533] ## Whither Food Systems On March 16th, 2020, in accordance with Center for Disease Control gathering size recommendations, the City & County of Honolulu closed all public parks and the twenty-five People's Open Markets. Low-income communities across Oahu no longer had access to the below market price “ethnic fruits, vegetables, and other food items” the People's Open Market had afforded for over fifty years. Like these market closures, effective eat-at-home directives, and tanking tourism stranded goods in restaurant fridges and farm fields. As various efforts scrambled to connect those goods with food banks for below-market rate access, food hubs, CSAs, and home delivery services surged with consumer participation. Even with global supply chains intact, local supply chains reshaped as part of response efforts. These changes in Hawaii's food system echo responses to previous crises and shocks, yet despite the persistence of rhetoric around increasing food self-sufficiency the trend of import dependence returns as disruptions ebb. How have global food relations restructured risk in Hawaii's food system? How have shocks and responses shaped Hawaii foodways? What does these have to teach us about capacities and resilience in food systems? Though far from a crystal ball, wading through the fog of history affords a clearer eyed take on the shape of the world today and to come. Since at least the late 19th Century, scaling agricultural production to match food consumption has been a recurrent interest in the Hawaiian islands [@stubbs_1901; @coulter_1933; @hitch_1958; @opdbedt_2012]. Despite this, reliance on imported foods increased decade over decade. Now into the 21st Century, the once self-sufficient archipelago imports nearly 90% of its food [@loke.leung_2013]. Recent goals and laws aim to increase the production ([@ige_2016], CITATION of act 151 2019), consumption [CITATION of Hawaii Green Growth, @blair_2014]), and purchasing (CITATION of Act 176 SLH 2021) of local fare. Such efforts emphasize inter-island agricultural supply and demand as mechanisms to address popular, and persistent, concern around the islands' food self-sufficiency. Since the early 21st Century, Hawaii has had a spate of large capital investments focused on the production of food for local sale. These off-shore actors, often lauded by the State for furthering progress on productivist goals, are now operating at an order of magnitude larger than their island-grown competitors. While their caloric outputs are hard to ignore, the potential consolidating effects of these operations may soon render Hawaii’s food system more delicate than durable. In parallel, the COVID-19 pandemic response forged new connections both within the agricultural sector, and between the sector and consumers across the economic spectrum. While an immediate boon to local supply and demand, the longevity of these new actors and bonds remains to be seen. To gain such insight, this research aims to situate these recent events within a long century of food system change. The shortcomings of a productivist supply-demand strategy are evident in the current and recurrent food crises since the early 20th century. Over time, the supply-demand approaches offer little to address the structural changes in food systems that have produced the current dependency ==nor do they rise from understanding of mechanisms that have sustained the islands during previous crises==. This reality, as will be demonstrated in this dissertation, is best evidenced in the increased role of island food during disruptions that, when crisis abates, wanes to the trajectory of increasing imports. Thus the simple remedy of growing local production and consumption has been insufficient to reduce vulnerability over time. So if not just supply and demand, how have Hawaii's food systems maintained function during various disruptions? Global food regimes theory offer a means to understand Hawaii's shift from independence to import dependence, but falls short of articulating how those changes have played out in the plains and on the plate. Contrastingly, the limited analysis of food crises in the islands have detailed disruptions but not placed them in the context of broader food system restructuring. Conceptually, resilience theory is well suited to understand the interactions between periods of gradual (i.e., regimes) and rapid (i.e., crises) change. Finally, if the myriad economic, social, and ecological goals of food system localization are ever to be achieved they need to understand the barriers to and opportunities for increasing food system resilience by understanding the mechanisms for maintaining function during previous disruptions. ==Towards those ends this research will assess a) how global food regimes restructure risk in Hawaii's food system, b) how Hawaii’s food system is reshaped by food crises, and c) the mechanisms of resilience that have supported Hawaii’s food system during disruptions. == Investigating these questions uncovers manifold meanings of 'Local Foods Through Crisis'. From how disruption concerns bolster interest in food system localization to how local fare provisioning sustains populations during crisis. From crises efforts to expand local production to reorienting export fare for local use. Finally how crisis driven shifts on the plate persist as in the post-crisis palate. Any of these facets alone provide a sufficiently broad avenue for research with importance to the fields of agricultural development or crisis management. Their consideration together, even if some only receive light treatment, will hopefully provide value to efforts from planning to policy as the islands continue forward into a world of shifting social, economic, and environmental baselines. ^ddf169 ## Research Context >[!QUOTE] I must create a system or be enslaved by another man's. > William Blake The COVID-19 pandemic disruption to Hawaii’s food system is significant, but fortunately not as disordering as some previous crises. 18th-century famines in the islands were driven by weather and warfare. Drought and battle decimated local production, yielding starvation. In the early 19th, economic factors shifted labor from agriculture to sandalwood, producing famine as the draw of a global market overwhelmed efforts at local production [@rice_2018]. Over the next century, the global market grip grew tighter as export agriculture and food imports both expanded. By the start of the 20th century, most agricultural parcels, excepting plantation lands, were only five acres in size. In the first half of the 20th century, our food crises were again mostly driven by warfare. In World War I and World War II the narrowing supply coming into the islands drove food system disruptions. During both wars a local governing body was formed to oversee pricing, allocate imports and bolster local production. The year prior to the start of WWI in April 1917, Hawaii imported $10,000,000 of mostly staple foods [@kuykendall.gill_1928]. By May 1917, Hawaii’s Legislature created the Territorial Food Commission to govern food production and conservation, and make the islands as “independent as possible of the mainland for subsistence” [@mauinews_1917a]. This broad ambit made the commission the “most powerful board ever created in the Islands” [@mauinews_1917]. The commission addressed increasing the taro supply, included a robust Women’s Committee that performed statewide outreach, and funded county agents to work with small farmers (which became part of UH Extension). Wheat flour shortages led to incorporating local starches into ‘war bread’. The Banana Consuming Propaganda Committee redirected the oversupply of once exported fruit into local bakeries and homes, developing Hawaii’s taste for banana bread that persists today. By the late 1930s, sixty percent of fresh vegetables were being imported [@magistad.frazier_1938]. Over the course of WWII, the Hawaii food administration changed hands from the Office of Civilian Defense’s Food Control Board to the army Governor’s Office of Food Control. The Food Control Board developed a plan to bolster rapidly declining taro production exacerbated by labor shortages. The board was chided for not including women, responsible for “90 per cent of the food purchased and prepared”, in efforts to address food conservation and price issues[@honolulustar-bulletin_1942]. As the conflict wore on, planning work became dominated by plantation interests that wrongly assumed their industrial agricultures could easily transition to local food production. The grounding of offshore fishing fleets, over fears of naval surveillance, created a protein gap in local diets that SPAM filled. Poke eventually returned, but SPAM musubi also remained. After the war, only five percent of agricultural lands, in small parcels, were producing vegetable and fruit crops [@scheffer_1948], and by the end of the decade, just over half of Hawaii’s food was being imported. These wartime reflections show the complexity of food crisis management, and how our responses shape ‘local’ food. Today’s food crisis, spared so far from global drought and war, is economic. Supply chains have remained intact, but mass unemployment has drastically diminished purchasing power of most households. Initial pandemic disruptions of food purchasing, from restaurants, to hotels, and to farmers markets, carved into the bottom line of farms across the state. Hawaii farms are often motivated by the desire to reduce imports but merely increasing production doesn’t necessarily mean less food insecurity in our communities. New relationships between farms and food banks have become lifelines for farmers and families. New funding mechanisms (federal, state, county, and philanthropic) have supported these efforts. Food hubs connecting farms and buyers have seen surges in membership, routing unprecedented amounts of local fare onto family tables. The open questions are about how durable these changes are. Will we, like in past crises, have filled our plate with local produce so much that we no longer dine without it? When funding wanes and we trudge back to work, will our palates have been transformed? More pointedly, how do we ensure that addressing hunger and supporting local agriculture aren’t just crisis responses but new realities? This research aims to uncover some of these answers. ## Research Questions This dissertation broadly seeks to understand shifts in risk, response, and resilience in Hawaii's food system over time. To do so I will examine the restructuring and reshaping of Hawaii’s agrofood system, investigate the disruptions faced, and identify critical capacities that enabled system functioning. ==Two primary theories engaged in these investigations are global food regimes theory and resilience theory, pursued through the lenses of agrarian change, political ecology, and disaster management.== The first working question, seeking to characterize vulnerability at the focal scale of Hawaii's food system, asks ==*How have global food relations restructured risk in Hawaii's food system?*== This question aims to understand the power of food regimes across space and over time in driving change at a sub-global scale. Taking Hawaii as a case study, this thread unravels how global restructuring engenders change at a regional scale, how these multi-scalar changes modify vulnerability in each food regime, and how risk is thereby shared or transferred. Operationally, in looking for cross-scale causality, data is drawn together to explore the development of Hawaii agricultural as industry, trends in food import dependency, and the extent of alignment between change in Hawaii and the timelines of global food regimes theorizing. ^c92bc3 The second working question, seeking to characterize hazards and responses, asks ==*How have food crises reshaped Hawaii’s food system?*== Through inter-case comparison of crises this question aims to understand how hazards and disruptions have shifted, how food crisis governance has evolved in kind, and if responses produce any durable reshaping of the food systems. Operationally, in looking at how shocks and responses impact Hawaii foodways, data is drawn together to timeline food system disruptions in the islands, signify shifts in entitlement bundles and institution response roles, and determine if immediate impacts influence long term shifts in economic foci. ^9b7f4a The third working question, seeking to characterize key mechanisms resilience in food systems, asks ==*What approaches have been critical to retaining functional capacity in Hawaii's food systems during disruptions?*== Through systematic review of disruptions this question aims to document the various tools employed (or proposed) in food crisis responses, to identify how these mechanisms for resilience have shifted over time, and to explore barriers and opportunities for management of food systems for resilience. Operationally, in looking for resilient capacities, data is drawn together to compile innovations and replications in crises response, to understand how consideration of food systems management change as a result disruptions, and consider contradictions in the pursuit of greater resilience. As a skein of questions, approaches, and ==XXXX==, this research weaves and unravels how risk, considered a function of vulnerabilities, hazards, and capacities shifts over time, and thus so too do the mechanisms of resilience. By characterizing how global food regime restructuring of Hawaii's agrofood systems impacts vulnerability to system shocks, how hazards and system shocks reshape relations and rhetoric within Hawaii, and finally by collating the critical capacities in the food system during disruptions, this research explores the warp and weft of risk and resilience in the complex tapestry of food systems. ## Theoretical Framing and Themes ^dce955 The two primary theories engaged in these investigations are global food regimes theory and resilience theory, pursued through the lenses of agrarian change, political ecology, and disaster management. From a grander perspective the operative approach taken can be cast as one of political agroecology. A motivation for this research being to understand the operating space for local food systems transformation within the structures of global food and capitalism. Through investigating food crises disrupting the trend of increasing import dependence in the Hawaii an opening is exposed that affords a glance into what food system alternatives %%(subalterns?)%% in the islands. As a political agroecolgy, and borrowing from @anderson.etal_2021, this research thus engages "how governance, power and control define the choices and agency of farmers and other actors in the food system" [[email protected]_2021, p. 24]. This ...... The first working question situates Hawaii's agrofood system historically, and so doing explores themes of agrarian change, food regimes, consolidation in the food system, and risk. The second working question examines crises reshaping of power dynamics within the food system, exploring themes of hazards, food governance, and disaster management. The third working question collates how and what changed when resilience mattered, exploring resilience, localization, and networks of social and political actions to sustain function. These and other key themes will be expanded upon in Chapter [[2. Literature Review]]. ## Importance & Research Audience Failure to consider how global food regimes produce and shape food crises in Hawaii limits the ability of food crisis managers and local food movements to address the current food crisis and rise of globally financed “local” agriculture. Early evidence from recovery planning efforts shows the return of a focus on value added and export focused agriculture as a crisis driven approach to economic diversification by the State requires historical analysis of the viability of such programs to deliver on their intended goals. Analysis of the confluence of global food systems, local agricultural development, crisis response, and economic planning will provide a novel understanding of the means by which food system change is pursued and constrained. This research will contribute to scholarship on food system resilience through consideration of key facets of resilience in food systems, to agrarian change through a case study of the dynamics of restructuring between scales, to crisis production and management through comparative analysis of disruptions, to agrofood system localization through assessing crisis intervention longevity, and to sustainability transitions through analysis of policy and practice in food system change. Civil society groups and government bodies focused on facilitating the development of robust local agrofood systems will also find value in the analyses of producer needs and mechanisms of material reproduction of agriculture for local consumption. ## Methods This research has been pursued through a mixed methods approach, from digging in archives for historical insights to data wrangling for the front line of COVID-19 response, and from recent technical consulting with government officials to ferreting out themes of previous responses, myriad avenues have been trod. In sum, these pursuits have provided a unique historical and current perspective on food systems disruptions and response in Hawaii. Contextualizing these within the broader arc of agrarian change and embedding scale of global food regimes are done to elucidate the power dynamics and capacities for not just change but transformation in Hawaii's food systems. ### Chapter [[4. Food Regime & Risk Transitions in Hawaii]] To answer the question of *how global food relations have restructured risk in Hawaii's food system* Chapter [[4. Food Regime & Risk Transitions in Hawaii]] employs comparative historical analysis to investigate the impacts of global food regimes on Hawaii's agrofood system over time. Through document analysis and data collection the historical arc in Hawaii’s food system will offer earlier periods shorter treatment, with progressive detail offered through time, culminating with an examination of current agrocapital investment and food planning. As a within-case approach, a historical narrative will highlight internal comparisons of the system from western contact through today. As a secondary method, pattern matching will be employed to compare Hawaii's agrofood system development with the general timelines of global food regimes. Particular interest will be paid to the spatial (i.e., distribution of agricultural parcels), demographic (i.e., production characteristics), and economic (i.e., import and local production volumes) composition of food and agricultural systems to assess the extent to which the case of food in Hawaii aligns with successive global relations in food regimes theory. ### Chapter [[5. History of Food Crisis in Hawaii]] To address _how food crises have reshaped Hawaii’s food system_ this work produces a comparative historical analysis of food crises impacts and responses in Hawaii. Starting with composing a timeline of major food system disruptions since the 19th century, inter-case comparison of crises will explore and their causes, responses, and durable impacts, if any, to Hawaii foodways. Historical data will be drawn primarily from government records, popular press articles, and extension publications. My fieldwork as a food system planner as part of the pandemic food response frameworks will provide access and insights into the approaches and interventions employed. In May 2020, I began a position as the food resilience coordinator at the Hawaii Public Health Institute. Among other responsibilities, in this role I compiled data on food crisis responses at community, county, and statewide scales. ### Chapter [[6. Food Crisis, Change, and Opportunity]] To respond to the question of *what approaches have been critical to retaining functional capacity in Hawaii's food systems during disruptions* crises responses will be compiled and systematically reviewed. Again, fieldwork during the COVID-19 pandemic provides the understanding of current approaches, these will be contrasted with those pursued during previous disruptions to framework a set of strategies and interventions. Participation in various networks engaged with COVID-19 food response, including, _inter alia_, Kupuna Food Security Coalition, the Hawaii Hunger Action Network, Obesity Prevention Task Force, Agriculture Response & Recovery Working Group, and Hawaii Emergency Management Agency’s Emergency Support Function 6 on Mass Care, as well as a technical support role with the food access coordinators within each county offer broad and detailed insight in the mechanisms considered and pursued. Thus an analysis status of food system emergency planning across the state will highlight current advances, opportunities, and lacunae in response frameworks. ## Dissertation Synopsis and Structure This dissertation explores how shifts in global patterns of capital accumulation through agricultural restructure regional agrofood systems to produce different vulnerabilities and risk. The most salient and persistently highlighted of these in Hawaii is that of dependence upon imported foods. Through investigation of periods of food crises, patterns of response help to elucidate various mechanisms, from rhetorical to political, by which self-sufficiency is pursued during emergencies. As emergencies subside however, import rates trend back towards the norm, which begs the question, of why? Further, with Hawaii unlikely to soon sever its national or global relations, what is the operating space for reducing vulnerability while participating in global markets? And what approaches and tools may be wielded to bolster capacity and economy during blue skies that better prepare the archipelago for dark skies? By exploring these and other questions this dissertation contributes to scholarship on global food regimes theory though a case study on risk transfer between local and global systems, to resilience theory by comparing crisis case studies to uncover key mechanisms and strategies, and to the broader realm of agrofood systems planning and disaster management by collating the means by which resilience could be managed towards. Introduction Literature Review Pumpkin: Agrarian Change in Hawaii Food Regimes & Risk History of Food Crisis in Hawaii Local Food, Global Capital COVID-19 Discussion: Implications for Now & Future [[concluding statement]] Conclusion ### Chapter [[1. Introduction]] This introductory chapter articulates the context and intent of this research. Key themes and theoretical frames applied in the research were introduced along with the selected analytical methods. - **Contextualization**: Introduces the research within the field of agrofood systems analysis, focusing on local agrarian change, global food regimes, risk, crises, and resilience. - **Research Questions** - How have global food relations restructured risk in Hawaii's food system? - How have food crises reshaped Hawaii’s food system? - What approaches have been critical to retaining functional capacity in Hawaii's food systems during disruptions? - **Justification**: Explain the significance of using food regimes and resilience theory, and the lenses of agrarian change, political ecology, and disaster management. - **Structure Overview**: Briefly outline the structure of the dissertation. ### Chapter [[2. Literature Review]] The second chapter reviews select literature on the concepts, themes, and theoretical frameworks in this dissertation. The chapter begins with tracing the conceptual development of food systems, establishing its own historical context %%, the boundaries of the concept %%and the thrust of current perspectives. Agrarian change is expanded upon to provide a sense alignment with that thread of analysis. The two theoretical frameworks employed in my research, food regimes and resilience theory are then detailed. Finally some Introduce the key ideas: - Food systems - agrarian change - resilience theory and risk - food regimes ### Chapter [[3. Agrarian Change in Hawaii]] OR [[Pumpkin in Hawaii - Research Notes]] >[!abstract] using bernstein, marshal, cook, - **Historical Context**: Outline the development and change in Hawaii agriculture since western contact. - **Key Asset Changes**: Examine key asset changes in Hawaii's food systems over time. - **Growth of Alternative Food Networks (AFNs)**: Discuss the growth and impact of AFNs in Hawaii. 1. Hawaii's agrofood systems have undergone significant changes over the past two and a half centuries, influenced by both local and global factors. 2. However, there is a lack of comprehensive historical analysis that examines these changes through the lens of political economy, specifically addressing questions of ownership, labor, income distribution, and consumption. 3. This research employs a %%comparative historical approach OR follow the thing%% to longitudinally outline the contours of late modern and contemporary agrarian change in the Hawaiian islands, focusing on the interplay of actors, structures, and institutions within the agrofood system. 4. The study uses the framework of @marshall.etal_2021, to articulate how Hawaii's agrofood system has evolved through various stages, from rural and traditional, to informal and expanding, emerging and diversifying, modernizing and formalizing, and finally to industrial and consolidated, with each stage characterized by distinct patterns of ownership, labor, income distribution, and consumption. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive historical narrative of agrarian change in Hawaii, but also offers %%valuable insights for policy makers, practitioners, and researchers interested in%% understanding the dynamics of agrofood system development and its implications for local and global food security. ### Chapter [[4. Food Regime & Risk Transitions in Hawaii]] - **Global Food Relations**: Explore global food relations and their impact on Hawaii's food system. - **Shifts in Food Provisioning**: Analyze shifts in food provisioning, key actors, and assets. - **Risk Restructuring**: Examine how global food relations restructure risk in Hawaii's food system. 1. This chapter explores the macro-scale arc of global food regimes and the extent to which theorized timelines align with the agrofood system development of Hawaii. A la @marshall.etal_2021 2. The next chapter zooms in on the shifts in food provisioning, key actors and assets, to demonstrate how the macro-scale restructures local systems. 3. The global and local pattern matching are then used to explain shifts in risk and vulnerability within the agrofood system. 1. Global food regimes, which are periods characterized by specific patterns of food production and consumption, have significantly influenced the development of local food systems around the world. 2. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research examining the impacts of these regimes on Hawaii's agrofood system, a unique case due to its geographical isolation and historical reliance on imported food. 3. This research employs comparative historical analysis to investigate the impacts of global food regimes on Hawaii's agrofood system, focusing on the historical development, spatial, demographic, and economic composition, and alignment with global food regime timelines. 4. The study reveals that Hawaii's agrofood system has been significantly shaped by global food relations, leading to a restructuring of risk in the food system, with implications for environmental, economic, and social aspects. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of global food regimes on Hawaii's agrofood system, but also offers valuable insights for policy and practice to enhance the resilience and sustainability of the system, contributing to the broader discourse on global food security and local food sovereignty. ### Chapter [[5. History of Food Crisis in Hawaii]] - **Timeline and Typology**: Provide a timeline and typology of food crises in Hawaii. - **Comparative Analysis**: Compare crises such as World Wars and Maritime Strikes. - **Impact and Resilience Strategies**: Analyze the impact of crises on Hawaii's food system and resilience strategies employed. 1. This chapter provides a timeline and typology of food crises in Hawaii, compares the cases of World Wars, and traces the processes of Maritime Strikes. 2. The next chapter contextualizes vulnerability/risk shifts over regimes and crises, collates the structural change (accelerations and impediments), shifting power between actors, and various tools employed (or proposed) in crisis response. 1. Hawaii's food system has been shaped by a series of crises throughout the 20th century, with impacts ranging from immediate disruptions to long-term shifts in economic focus and governance. 2. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research examining how these crises have reshaped Hawaii's food system and the implications for future food security in the region. 3. This study undertakes a comparative historical analysis of food crises in Hawaii over the 20th century, focusing on the immediate impacts, shifts in economic focus, changes in governance, and innovations in local food crisis response. 4. The results reveal that food crises have led to significant shifts in Hawaii's food system, including a temporary reorientation of export agriculture to support local food provisioning and changes in the roles of various institutions in crisis response. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the history of food crises in Hawaii, but also offers valuable insights for future food security planning and policy-making in the region. ### Chapter [[4.5 3rd Food Regime - Local Food, Global Capital]] - **Emergence of Local Food Production**: Discuss the recent shift towards local food production in response to globalization and environmental concerns. - **State Goals and Large-Scale Investments**: Examine the role of state government, investment capital, markets, and civil society in perpetuating local agriculture. - **Corporatization of Local Agriculture**: Analyze the corporatization of local agriculture and its implications for sustainability and resilience. - **Critical Analysis**: Provide a critical analysis of the 'local shift' in Hawaii's food system and highlight the need for a more inclusive and equitable approach to local food production. 1. The global food regime has undergone significant changes over the years, with a recent shift towards local food production in response to globalization and environmental concerns. This shift is particularly evident in Hawaii, where the state government has set ambitious goals to double local food production by 2030 as part of its sustainability initiatives. 2. However, while these goals align with the interests of large-scale investors and corporations, they often overlook the needs and potential of existing small and mid-size farms in Hawaii. This focus on large-scale, capital-intensive projects could lead to further consolidation in the agricultural sector and potentially increase Hawaii's reliance on imported food. 3. This research examines the 'local shift' in Hawaii's food system, focusing on the role of state government, investment capital, markets, and civil society in perpetuating local agriculture. It uses the broader analytical frame of food regime analysis to contextualize these perspectives and identify trajectories of accumulation in agrofood sectors. 4. The study reveals that while the 'local shift' has increased the visibility and marketability of local food, it has also led to the corporatization of local agriculture, with large-scale investors and corporations dominating the sector, potentially undermining the sustainability and resilience of Hawaii's food system. 5. This research not only provides a critical analysis of the 'local shift' in Hawaii's food system, but also highlights the need for a more inclusive and equitable approach to local food production. It contributes to the broader discourse on food sovereignty and sustainability, offering valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in the field of agrofood studies. ### Chapter [[5.5 COVID-19 Pandemic in Hawaii Foodways]] 1. The next chapter explores COVID-19 pandemic impacts, responses, and provides a social network analysis of actors and relational development as part of the emergency response. - **Pandemic Impact**: Discuss the impacts and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii. - **Social Network Analysis**: Provide a social network analysis of actors and relational development during the emergency response. - **New Actors**: Explore how new local food, global capital actors were spurred by setting up shop within the islands. 1. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted foodways globally, with Hawaii being no exception. 2. However, the specific effects of the pandemic on Hawaii's foodways, particularly in relation to the state's unique agricultural narratives and the push for food self-sufficiency, have not been thoroughly examined. 3. This research explores the impact of the pandemic on Hawaii's foodways, focusing on the concatenation process modeling of food system disruption, the timeline of narratives, and the various actors involved in the response. 4. The study reveals that the pandemic has exacerbated existing challenges in Hawaii's foodways, including issues of import dependency, food insecurity, and the tension between local food production and large-scale agribusiness investment. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the pandemic's impact on Hawaii's foodways, but also offers valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers in addressing food system resilience and sustainability in the face of future crises. ### Chapter [[6. Food Crisis, Change, and Opportunity]] 1. The conclusion offers some perspectives on emerging global-local trends in agrofood systems, potential novel risk and vulnerability (ie consolidation, climate change), and possible ways forward. - **Critical Approaches**: Analyze critical approaches to retaining functional capacity in Hawaii's food systems during disruptions. - **Strategies**: Discuss strategies such as "Belly of the boat" and "Belly of the visitor". - **Contextualization**: Contextualize vulnerability and risk shifts over regimes and crises. 1. The global food system is undergoing significant changes due to various crises, including climate change and pandemics, leading to shifts in food regimes and vulnerabilities. 2. However, there is a lack of understanding of how these shifts impact local food systems, particularly in island communities, and how they can adapt to ensure food security. 3. This research, based on the analysis of historical and contemporary data, explores the dynamics of food regime shifts, the re-orientation of exports to meet local demand during crises, and the role of local production in these contexts. 4. The study reveals that crises often lead to a 'localization' process in consumption, and efforts to increase local production can potentially displace imports, but also pose risks to existing local farmers. 5. This research contributes to the understanding of food system resilience in the face of global crises, providing valuable insights for policy makers and practitioners in planning for network scaling interventions and developing strategies to support local agricultural industries. ## Chapter X [[Concluding]] - **Summary of Findings**: Summarize key findings and their implications for food policy and planning in Hawaii. - **Implications for Policy and Practice**: Discuss implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. - **Future Research**: Suggest areas for further research on community-based initiatives, policy interventions, and alternative food networks. - **Research Practice Implications**: Highlight the importance of historical and contextual analysis and interdisciplinary approaches in addressing food security and sustainability. 1. **Research Questions**: This dissertation posed the questions: (a) How has global economic integration restructured Hawaii's local food system and shifted its risks? (b) How have food crises reshaped Hawaii's food system over time? (c) What strategies have enabled resilience in Hawaii's food system during disruptions? 1. **Answers and Methodology**: My research study was a comparative historical analysis of Hawaii's agrofood system, focusing on the impacts of global food regimes, food crises, and resilience strategies. I found that (a) global food regimes have significantly restructured Hawaii's food system, shifting the locus of risks and types of crisis, (b) food crises have led to significant shifts in Hawaii's food system, including a temporary reorientation of export agriculture to support local food provisioning and changes in the roles of various institutions in crisis response, and (c) diverse strategies, including local food production and community-based initiatives, have been critical in maintaining the functional capacity of Hawaii's food system during disruptions. 2. **Literature Contribution**: My work contributes to the literatures on food regimes, food crises, and food system resilience by providing a comprehensive historical analysis of Hawaii's agrofood system. It challenges the conventional understanding of food system resilience and highlights the importance of local food production and community-based initiatives in maintaining food security during crises. 3. **Implications**: These findings could be of interest to policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in the field of agrofood studies. They provide valuable insights for enhancing food system resilience and sustainability in the face of global crises, particularly in island communities like Hawaii. The knowledge could inform policy-making and planning for network scaling interventions and strategies to support local agricultural industries. 4. **Further Research**: As a result of my study, further research might well be conducted on the role of community-based initiatives in enhancing food system resilience, the impacts of policy interventions on local food production, and the potential of alternative food networks in promoting food security and sustainability. 5. **Research Practice Implications**: This study has reinforced the importance of historical and contextual analysis in understanding the dynamics of food systems. It has also highlighted the value of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing complex issues related to food security and sustainability. ## References