>[!todo] Integrate > risk topology? [[2022-09-13 - risk topology]] ## Draw From - [[Risk Transfer]] - [[@duus_1999]] - [[Food Regimes Notes]] - [[2023-10-24 - systemic risk , cascading failures]] @bernardderaymond.etal_2021 - [[2022-09-13 - risk topology]] - @deteix.etal_2024 on supply risk analysis - [[2024-08-26 - risk from the beginning]] - [[2023-10-12 - dinapoli on drought risk & bennet on surrogates]] - [[2024-06-27 - regimes rethink?]] - [[2022-10-05 - Theoretical Antecedents of Food Regimes]] Did food for export displace food for consumption? >[!warning] This chapter should explain how food regime changes restructure local food systems, demonstrate how this restructuring shifts risk, and set up these risk / vulnerabilities to inform the crieses chapter ## Introduction Food systems are complex (CITATIONS) and numerous mechanisms of analysis have been derived to parse or reduce their complexity (CITATION). @marshall.etal_2021 recent typology of country level food systems provides a useful means to reduce the complexity. While developed as a means to stratify a snapshot of global systems diversity, I will instead use their typology as a means to assess Hawaii's agrofood system development as a time-series. This chapter will explore the relationships between global food regimes and agro-food system change in Hawaii. Of particular interest are the mechanism by  >[!abstract] issues > TODO: Thread together Hawaii’s agrofood systems development within the global systems food regimes theory. > > I feel stuck in writing about food regime change in hawaii because i am trying to situate my work within the food regime literature, specifically need to identify where my work - on the details of hawaii changes - fits within the broader theory, and how it is to make a contribution. > - Food regimes overview > - Situating local work within the theory  ## Theory & Methods >I will primarily undertake document analysis and data collection to construct a historical arc of changes in Hawaii’s food system. Earlier periods will receive shorter treatment, with progressive detail offered through time and culminating with an examination of current agrocapital investment and food planning. Particular interest will be paid to the spatial (i.e., distribution of agricultural parcels), demographic (i.e., production characteristics), and economic (i.e., import and local production volumes) composition of food and agricultural systems to assess the extent to which the case of food in Hawaii aligns with successive global relations in food regimes theory. Drawing from **comparative historical analysis** 1. Comparative historical analysis 1. Primary Method: historical narrative 1. Document analysis and data collection 2. Construct a historical arc of changes in Hawaii’s food system. 3. Earlier periods will receive shorter treatment, with progressive detail offered through time and culminating with an examination of current agrocapital investment and food planning. Particular interest will be paid to the spatial (i.e., distribution of agricultural parcels), demographic (i.e., production characteristics), and economic (i.e., import and local production volumes) composition of food and agricultural systems to assess the extent to which the case of food in Hawaii aligns with successive global relations in food regimes theory. 2. Secondary Method: Pattern Matching Does the historical narrative align with the processes and timeline of food regime theory? See - @talbot_2015 on Jamaica [[@talbot_2015]] - @liu_2008 on Taiwan [[@liu_2008]] - @oloff_2021, @carro-figueroa_2002, and @collo_1989, on Puerto Rico [[@oloff_2021]] [[@carro-figueroa_2002]] [[@collo_1989]] - @plahe.etal_2013 on Pacific islands [[@plahe.etal_2013]] 1. Theory: food regimes theory 1. See McMichael’s Food Regime for Thought (2016) section on food regime methodology 1. This is the point of the method of ‘incorporated comparison’–which uses diachronic and synchronic analysis of ‘world ordering’, combining secular trends with cyclical dynamics” (McMichael, 2016, p. 661) 2. Pattern matching - within case analysis 2. Data 1. Legislative and policy documents 2. Planning and research documents 3. Census data 4. Extension publications 5. Recent agricultural investments and development projects ## Literature Review - Food Regimes (via 8/2020 proposal) Food regime analysis is ideal for articulating connections between state and global governance and identifying trajectories of accumulation in agrofood sectors [@marsden.etal_1996]. Each food regime is a post hoc bounding of moments to aid in “the understanding of agriculture and food’s role in capital accumulation across time and space” (McMichael, 2009a). In the first global food regime, dominated by British colonialism from 1870-1930s, foreign capital reconfigured agriculture across Pacific Islands to produce bulk commodities for export to colonial centers [@plahe.etal_2013]. In the second food regime roughly from the 1950s through the 1970s, United States ascension and global north productivity drove exports to postcolonial states, shifting the net flow of goods and creating food import dependence across much of the pacific [@plahe.etal_2013]. The third global food regime from the 1980s to today, framed by the politics of neoliberalism and evidenced in the “corporatization of agriculture and agro-exports” [@mcmichael_2005], has shifted the “locus of control for food security away from the nation-state to the world market” [@plahe.etal_2013]. McMichael posits that “the food regime is not a political–economic order, as such, rather it is a vehicle of a contradictory conjuncture, governed by the ‘double movement’ of accumulation/legitimation” [-@mcmichael_2005]. And indeed, in Hawaii today corporatized agrofood development is used as a means of state legitimation, clearly reflected in a recent newsletter from the Governor’s office stating that “businesses ... have heard about our commitment to doubling local food production and are interested in making significant investments here.” (Office of the Governor, 2019). Accumulation by capital in this regime is accomplished through the “appropriation of agricultural resources for capitalist consumption relations … realized through an expanding foundation of human impoverishment and displacement, and the marginalization of agrarian/food cultures” (McMichael, 2005). The recent spate of land grabs in Hawaii by financial and corporate interests are exemplary of this type of appropriation, while marginalization is evidenced by the lack of material support for existing agricultural producers that was present in previous decades. These factors create vulnerabilities in the food system that contribute to the production of food crises. - See overview of statistical history @schmitt_1977 @camba_2018 on philipinnes experience in late colonial (1914-1940s) ## [[Enter the Global - Early Post-Contact Regime]] ## 1st Food Regime: Sugar Complex ==fin de siècle== 1870s-Start of WWI “a first food regime based upon colonial trade in bulk commodities like wheat and sugar” (Burch and Lawrence, 2009, p. 267) “The Colonial–Diasporic2 regime, beginning in the 1870s and ending at about the start of World War I, had two main complexes: tropical products and basic grains, primarily wheat.” (Talbot, 2015) The first global food regime? See @maclennan_1995 on foundations of sugar's power on maui plantations See [[1890s imports]] Development of commercial well digging in the 1880s increased sugar growth capacity and drove significant change in landscape and economy “more than half the foodstuffs are imported from the mainland and the Orient” { | Wilcox, 1916 |p. 132 | |zu:1574384:CJ6IKBDH} "There is a decided advantage to the transportation companies in having a large return freight from the mainland. The building up of this business in return freight from the United States greatly checked the development of local farming enterprises by reason of the extensive business connections which the transportation companies had with local dealers. The great development of the sugar industry, therefore, operated to the discouragement of farming.” { | Wilcox, 1916 |pg. 133 | |zu:1574384:CJ6IKBDH} ### King Sugar @maclennan_1995 @maclennan_1997 ## 2nd Food Regime: Diversification & Consolidation “a second food regime typified by industrial agriculture and manufactured foods” (Burch and Lawrence, 2009, p. 267) “Mercantile–Industrial food regime, from 1947 to 1972. This food regime had three complexes: wheat, livestock/feed, and durable foods.” (Talbot, 2015) - did regimes arrive early or stay late in the islands? #### Post-WWII “Farmers have increased their production for Island use in the postwar period at the average rate of about 1.5 million dollars a year. They may increase production further if Hawaii's population continues to grow and if they can compete with the prices and quality of Mainland food imports.”  { | Philipp, & Philipp, 1958 |pg. 443 | |zu:1574384:RRERK3PS} “A drastic change has occurred in the food trade of Hawaii since the close of World War II. Up to 1945 the food business in the State was dominated by small retailers who purchased the great bulk of their supplies from local wholesale dealers. Supermarkets in the mainland pattern began making their appearance in the Islands soon after 1945 but they assumed major importance only during the 1950's. While this change was taking place at the retail level, a similar shift has been underway at the wholesale level. With the development of large-scale retail outlets there has been a distinct shift to direct buying from mainland suppliers.” “As a consequence of this changing market structure several of the regular, service-type wholesalers that formerly operated in the State have discontinued this activity. At the same time, there have been at least two cooperative-buying organizations established by the independent retailers.These retailer cooperatives are basically nonprofit organizations that have as their primary purpose the consolidating of purchasing power in order to realize savings through volume buying.” { | Peters, & Rasumssen, 1962 |pg. 5 | |zu:1574384:S5I9A5IY} #### Supermarket revolution ###### In General ###### In Hawaii https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/piggly-wiggly/ https://ediblehi.com/grocery-stores-in-hawaii/ https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/data_reports/hawaii-econ/he8-98.pdf May's Groceteria opens in 1929 ([source](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-honolulu-advertiser-maysshoppingc/78556625/)) Honolulu/Oahu Chain Grocery/Supermarket Locations, 1930-2015 https://www.groceteria.com/place/us-hawaii/honolulu/ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/174mmgaFqQMpK9K8vxpGPnsfIGjcI-KLau1hTiJJuFyo/edit#gid=751877680 ## [Grocerteria.com](https://www.groceteria.com/place/us-hawaii/) >The first chain grocer in the 50th state (then a U.S. territory) was [Safeway](http://www.groceteria.com/store/national-chains/safeway/), through ownership of the [Piggly Wiggly](http://www.groceteria.com/store/national-chains/piggly-wiggly/) franchise in Hawaii in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Safeway divested its Hawaii stores in 1935, selling them to a new, local entity called the Western State Grocery Company, which was apparently unrelated to the wholesale company of the same name owned by Safeway in California. Western operated the stores for another three decades, finally pulling the plug in the mid 1960s after rebranding them for a few years as Western Supermarkets. > >Later local chains included Foodland (1948) and Times Supermarkets (1949), both of which remain among the largest players in Hawaii, along with Safeway, which returned to the islands in the early 1960s. Foodland has operated under several additional names, including Food City and Emjay’s (both of which appear to have been brands applied to older and smaller stores in the 1970s and 1980s) and more recently Foodland Farms, a banner which is used on newer and larger stores. > >Other chains have includes Star Supermarkets (sold to Times in 2009) and Big Save (owned by Times). “Wholesalers and supermarkets have pointed out that, with few exceptions, the problem of doing business with local growers is the inconsistent and unreliable supply.” [@suryanata_2002, p. 81] ## [[4.5 3rd Food Regime - Local Food, Global Capital]] ## Discussion ### Risk Transitions [[Risk Transfer]] ## Conclusion ## References - Cordy, R. H. (1972). The Effects of European Contact on Hawaiian Agricultural Systems—1778-1819. Ethnohistory, 19(4), 393–418. [https://doi.org/10.2307/481442](https://doi.org/10.2307/481442) - Kashay, J. F. (2007). Agents of Imperialism: Missionaries and Merchants in Early-Nineteenth-Century Hawaii. The New England Quarterly, 80(2), 280–298. - Morgan, T. (1948). Hawaii, a century of economic change, 1778-1876 (Vol. 83). Cambridge, Harvard UP. - Philipp, P. (1953). Diversified Agriculture of Hawaii. [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/21432](http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/21432) - Chapter 3: Agriculture to 1900 - Rice, S. (2020). Famine in the Remaking Food System Change and Mass Starvation in Hawaii, Madagascar, and Cambodia (First edition.). West Virginia University Press. - Chapter 1 section on 'Transformation: 1778–1827'