## Outline *Drive*: Exploring shifts in local food systems risk as a result of global economic integration, and exploring the operating space for reducing vulnerability while participating in global markets. *Take home message*: ==Global food regimes restructure local food systems, shifting the locus of risks and types of crisis, and thus the resilience strategies in the local system.== %% via [[2023-05-08 - writing approaches#^773371| 5 kickoff questions]] %% The point I want to make is to explore how shifts in global patterns of capital accumulation through agriculture (food regimes) restructures regional agrofood systems to produce different vulnerabilities and risk, with a focus on Hawaii's %%dependence on%% relationship with imported foods. My angle is to investigate periods of food crises and the patterns of response to understand why self-sufficiency is pursued during emergencies but import rates trend back towards the norm when the emergencies subside. My readers are likely to be scholars interested in global food regimes theory, resilience theory, and agrofood systems planning and disaster management. They would already have a basic understanding of these theories and would expect me to discuss the case study of Hawaii in detail. I will to explain the specific context of Hawaii's agrofood system and its relationship with global food and capitalism. I will make my points based on the analysis of historical data, case studies of food crises, and social network analysis of actors and relational development %%WHAT IS RELATIONAL DEVELOPMENT??%% as part of the emergency response. I will also draw on the literature and theories in the field to support my argument. My research contributes a new perspective by focusing on the case study of Hawaii, which is unlikely to sever its national or global relations soon, and ==exploring the operating space for reducing vulnerability while participating in global markets==. This contributes to the broader realm of agrofood systems planning and disaster management by collating the means by which resilience could be managed towards. The significance of my work lies in its potential to inform civil society groups and government bodies focused on facilitating the development of robust %%local%% agrofood systems. It could lead to changes in policy or practice that better prepare the archipelago for future food crises. It could also inspire further research into the dynamics of restructuring between scales and the production and management of crises. ### 5 sentence overall abstract 1. Food systems are increasingly disrupted due to economic and climatic changes, a situation particularly evident in Hawaii. 2. However, local agrofood planning and disaster management often operate with limited knowledge of how global economic integration and agrarian restructuring shifts risk within the food system and shapes local resilience strategies. 3. This dissertation addresses this issue by exploring three key areas: how global economic integration restructures the local food system, how this shifts risk and crisis types, and resilience strategies employed over time in Hawaii. 4. The results reveal that global food regimes have driven agrarian change %%in agrarian structures%% and shaped foodways in Hawaii, that disruptions have shifted from mostly regional to mostly global, and that diverse strategies have enabled resilience in the food system. 5. This study not only adds to understanding of how global-local interactivity shapes system change and risk, but also demonstrates that despite the global origins of many modern food system risks, resilience can be more effectively designed for %%OR managed towards%% within the bounds of local governance. ### Chapter [[1. Introduction]] 1. Hawaii's food system is heavily reliant on imports, with nearly 90% of its food being imported, making it vulnerable to disruptions in global supply chains. 2. However, despite the persistence of rhetoric around increasing food self-sufficiency, the trend of import dependence returns as disruptions ebb, raising questions about the resilience of Hawaii's food system and its ability to withstand crises. 3. This research investigates the restructuring and reshaping of Hawaii’s agrofood system, the disruptions faced, and the critical capacities that enabled system functioning, using global food regimes theory and resilience theory. 4. The study reveals that global food relations have restructured risk in Hawaii's food system, food crises have reshaped Hawaii’s food system, and certain approaches have been critical to retaining functional capacity in Hawaii's food systems during disruptions. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of Hawaii's food system but also offers valuable insights for policy makers, civil society groups, and practitioners to enhance the resilience and self-sufficiency of the food system, contributing to the broader discourse on food security and sustainability in island contexts. ### Chapter [[2. Literature Review]] 1. The global food system, characterized by its neoliberal structure and corporatization of agriculture, has significant implications for individual regions, particularly island communities like Hawaii. 2. However, the current food system has created vulnerabilities that contribute to the production of food crises, and the responsibility for food security has increasingly shifted to the individual citizen, exacerbating these vulnerabilities. 3. This literature review explores the concept of food regimes, the production of food crises, and the movement towards food system localization, with a specific focus on the unique context of Hawaii. 4. The review reveals that while food system localization can offer potential solutions, it is not inherently more sustainable or ethical than global systems, and it can sometimes impede social justice goals. 5. This analysis not only contributes to our understanding of the complexities and contradictions within the global food system and local food movements, but also highlights the need for a more nuanced, multi-scalar approach to food security, particularly in island communities like Hawaii. ### Chapter 3 development of agrofood systems in Hawaii [[3. Agrarian Change in Hawaii]] 1. Hawaii's agrofood systems have undergone significant changes over the past two and a half centuries, influenced by both local and global factors. 2. However, there is a lack of comprehensive historical analysis that examines these changes through the lens of political economy, specifically addressing questions of ownership, labor, income distribution, and consumption. 3. This research employs a comparative historical approach to longitudinally outline the contours of late modern and contemporary agrarian change in the Hawaiian islands, focusing on the interplay of actors, structures, and institutions within the agrofood system. 4. The study reveals that Hawaii's agrofood system has evolved through various stages, from rural and traditional, to informal and expanding, emerging and diversifying, modernizing and formalizing, and finally to industrial and consolidated, with each stage characterized by distinct patterns of ownership, labor, income distribution, and consumption. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive historical narrative of agrarian change in Hawaii, but also offers valuable insights for policy makers, practitioners, and researchers interested in understanding the dynamics of agrofood system development and its implications for local and global food security. ### Chapter [[4. Food Regime & Risk Transitions in Hawaii]] & [[4.0 Evolution of Hawaii's Agrofood System- A Historical Journey Through Global Food Regimes]] 1. Global food regimes, which are periods characterized by specific patterns of food production and consumption, have significantly influenced the development of local food systems around the world. 2. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research examining the impacts of these regimes on Hawaii's agrofood system, a unique case due to its geographical isolation and historical reliance on imported food. 3. This research employs comparative historical analysis to investigate the impacts of global food regimes on Hawaii's agrofood system, focusing on the historical development, spatial, demographic, and economic composition, and alignment with global food regime timelines. 4. The study reveals that Hawaii's agrofood system has been significantly shaped by global food relations, leading to a restructuring of risk in the food system, with implications for environmental, economic, and social aspects. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of global food regimes on Hawaii's agrofood system, but also offers valuable insights for policy and practice to enhance the resilience and sustainability of the system, contributing to the broader discourse on global food security and local food sovereignty. ### Chapter [[4.5 3rd Food Regime - Local Food, Global Capital]] 1. The global food regime has undergone significant changes over the years, with a recent shift towards local food production in response to globalization and environmental concerns. This shift is particularly evident in Hawaii, where the state government has set ambitious goals to double local food production by 2030 as part of its sustainability initiatives. 2. However, while these goals align with the interests of large-scale investors and corporations, they often overlook the needs and potential of existing small and mid-size farms in Hawaii. This focus on large-scale, capital-intensive projects could lead to further consolidation in the agricultural sector and potentially increase Hawaii's reliance on imported food. 3. This research examines the 'local shift' in Hawaii's food system, focusing on the role of state government, investment capital, markets, and civil society in perpetuating local agriculture. It uses the broader analytical frame of food regime analysis to contextualize these perspectives and identify trajectories of accumulation in agrofood sectors. 4. The study reveals that while the 'local shift' has increased the visibility and marketability of local food, it has also led to the corporatization of local agriculture, with large-scale investors and corporations dominating the sector, potentially undermining the sustainability and resilience of Hawaii's food system. 5. This research not only provides a critical analysis of the 'local shift' in Hawaii's food system, but also highlights the need for a more inclusive and equitable approach to local food production. It contributes to the broader discourse on food sovereignty and sustainability, offering valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in the field of agrofood studies. ### Chapter [[5. History of Food Crisis in Hawaii]] 1. Hawaii's food system has been shaped by a series of crises throughout the 20th century, with impacts ranging from immediate disruptions to long-term shifts in economic focus and governance. 2. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research examining how these crises have reshaped Hawaii's food system and the implications for future food security in the region. 3. This study undertakes a comparative historical analysis of food crises in Hawaii over the 20th century, focusing on the immediate impacts, shifts in economic focus, changes in governance, and innovations in local food crisis response. 4. The results reveal that food crises have led to significant shifts in Hawaii's food system, including a temporary reorientation of export agriculture to support local food provisioning and changes in the roles of various institutions in crisis response. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the history of food crises in Hawaii, but also offers valuable insights for future food security planning and policy-making in the region. ### Chapter [[5.5 COVID-19 Pandemic in Hawaii Foodways]] 1. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted foodways globally, with Hawaii being no exception. 2. However, the specific effects of the pandemic on Hawaii's foodways, particularly in relation to the state's unique agricultural narratives and the push for food self-sufficiency, have not been thoroughly examined. 3. This research explores the impact of the pandemic on Hawaii's foodways, focusing on the concatenation process modeling of food system disruption, the timeline of narratives, and the various actors involved in the response. 4. The study reveals that the pandemic has exacerbated existing challenges in Hawaii's foodways, including issues of import dependency, food insecurity, and the tension between local food production and large-scale agribusiness investment. 5. This research not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the pandemic's impact on Hawaii's foodways, but also offers valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers in addressing food system resilience and sustainability in the face of future crises. ### Chapter [[6. Food Crisis, Change, and Opportunity]] & [[Hypotheses]] 1. The global food system is undergoing significant changes due to various crises, including climate change and pandemics, leading to shifts in food regimes and vulnerabilities. 2. However, there is a lack of understanding of how these shifts impact local food systems, particularly in island communities, and how they can adapt to ensure food security. 3. This research, based on the analysis of historical and contemporary data, explores the dynamics of food regime shifts, the re-orientation of exports to meet local demand during crises, and the role of local production in these contexts. 4. The study reveals that crises often lead to a 'localization' process in consumption, and efforts to increase local production can potentially displace imports, but also pose risks to existing local farmers. 5. This research contributes to the understanding of food system resilience in the face of global crises, providing valuable insights for policy makers and practitioners in planning for network scaling interventions and developing strategies to support local agricultural industries. 1. **Research Questions**: This dissertation posed the questions: (a) How has global economic integration restructured Hawaii's local food system and shifted its risks? (b) How have food crises reshaped Hawaii's food system over time? (c) What strategies have enabled resilience in Hawaii's food system during disruptions? 2. **Answers and Methodology**: My research study was a comparative historical analysis of Hawaii's agrofood system, focusing on the impacts of global food regimes, food crises, and resilience strategies. I found that (a) global food regimes have significantly restructured Hawaii's food system, shifting the locus of risks and types of crisis, (b) food crises have led to significant shifts in Hawaii's food system, including a temporary reorientation of export agriculture to support local food provisioning and changes in the roles of various institutions in crisis response, and (c) diverse strategies, including local food production and community-based initiatives, have been critical in maintaining the functional capacity of Hawaii's food system during disruptions. 3. **Literature Contribution**: My work contributes to the literatures on food regimes, food crises, and food system resilience by providing a comprehensive historical analysis of Hawaii's agrofood system. It challenges the conventional understanding of food system resilience and highlights the importance of local food production and community-based initiatives in maintaining food security during crises. 4. **Implications**: These findings could be of interest to policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in the field of agrofood studies. They provide valuable insights for enhancing food system resilience and sustainability in the face of global crises, particularly in island communities like Hawaii. The knowledge could inform policy-making and planning for network scaling interventions and strategies to support local agricultural industries. 5. **Further Research**: As a result of my study, further research might well be conducted on the role of community-based initiatives in enhancing food system resilience, the impacts of policy interventions on local food production, and the potential of alternative food networks in promoting food security and sustainability. 6. **Research Practice Implications**: This study has reinforced the importance of historical and contextual analysis in understanding the dynamics of food systems. It has also highlighted the value of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing complex issues related to food security and sustainability.