The period after Western arrivals in the islands was one of .. ## Shifts in Hawaiian Lifeways [[@ralston_1984]] [[notes from @sahlins_2017]] is more pre-contact, but provides context and sets the table, using *crise révélatrice*, to highlight ## Sandalwood Mercantilism [1790 sandalwood export starts](https://hdoa.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/HISTORY-OF-AGRICULTURE-IN-HAWAII.pdf) and peaks 1810-1825 (related to famine in crises chapter) See @rice_2020 for more on sandalwood trade See Umi Perkins on [sandalwood](https://theumiverse.wordpress.com/2020/12/10/hi-lalele-%CA%BBiliahi-the-sandalwood-trade/) and [mercantilism](https://theumiverse.wordpress.com/2021/04/12/mercantilism/) ## Whaling (& Fur) Whalers porting in Hawaii begins in 1819 ### Whaling as Floating Factories https://transoceanic.hypotheses.org/2247 https://yesterdaysisland.com/important-stop-nantucket-whalers/ > **The Maury Logs** > The bulk of the data is from the 1840s; and far and away the most compelling visual aspect here are the amazing seasonal migrations of ships through Hawaii each year, following the warm weather north and south. > ... > In short: we're tempted to look at maps like this and view the big systemic action we can see in shipping being _connecting._ But whaling suggests a wholly different story, one where the action involves resource depletion, tragedies of the commons, and industrial labor. And that, as well, is a story that's hard to tell effectively with narrative alone. **Floating Factories** Whaling wasn't about connecting trade ports. > ... > Whaling ships, Olson points out, were _factories_, full of working class men engaged not just in hunting but in slaughtering, processing, and packaging valuable industrial goods. > **Networking and pillaging** > It's easy to think of ships—particularly American ones—as bearing either commerce or war. But the reminder that whaling is industrial leads us to think of shipping, and the behavior driving it, in a different way. The idea of these maps as showing global commerce is appealing because it leans so heavily on one of the most well-trod paths in contemporary thought: the idea of networks_._ The land is filled with nodes, which are real_;_ the sea is the space between, just waiting to be traversed and made as minimal as possible. > > But seeing the ocean as a site of industrial production _in itself_ reminds us that connecting only exists in the context of production; and production requires very different forms of behavior. >Source: https://sappingattention.blogspot.com/2012/10/data-narratives-and-structural.html ![[@ralston_1989#^e6e164]] > The 1846 and 1847 values indicate the chief dependence of Island agriculture on the whalers for an external market , two or three times as much being sold to the whalers as was exported . ( The period 1849 1851 is a non homogeneous section of the whole series , for during the Gold Rush there was a temporary but violent demand for foodstuffs from California .) Through the fifties the shipping trade was in money value of about half the importance of the export market ; and already by 1858 had begun its abrupt decline to insignificance. > > The whalers demanded general garden produce , fruit , and meat ; and so gave the last continued stimulus to diversified agriculture.28 Beef, sweet and Irish potatoes, and firewood were brought to the ships in the largest money volume ; but many other products were sold , among which fowls , turkeys , hogs , pumpkins , melons , onions , yams , coconuts , limes , oranges , bananas , pine apple , molasses , and sugar were the most valuable . The temperate zone produce among these , which grew meagerly in the low warm plains and valleys , was cultivated on the slopes of several of the mountains . The flanks of Haleakala thrived with temperate crops . > > Farming organization was not stabilized : the kuleana of the native produced for the market in competition with larger farms and plantations of the nobility and the foreigner . A plantation type of organization became dominant only with the rise of sugar. > [@morgan_1948, p. 151] While the boundaries of food regimes are fuzzy, the first food regime antecedents in Hawaii are clear. From - land reform - mercantile classes Great summary by Mark & Lucas (1982) on early ag development @mark.lucas_1982 See @ralston_1989 [[@ralston_1989]] on lifeways (of women) shifts post-contact @ralston ### Kapu System *Kapu* system abolished in 1819 [@ralston_1989] - 1778-1817/1820 1780 Kamehameha's wars of unification lead to disrupted food supply ("crops devastated, cultivation interfered with") across the island (Fetiera, 1937:24) - Contact to King Sugar 1778-1890s "As foreign vessels began to visit the Islands the number of imported cultivated plants and domesticated animals increased rapidly" (Philipp 1953:50) > "American missionaries, the first of whom arrived in 1820, were a major influence in spreading Western methods of agriculture. Among other things, they taught the natives how to yoke oxen, to plow and harrow, and to fertilize their crops." (Philipp 1953:52) Whaling offered an early, if limited, off-islands market. > The Years 1843–1860 were the golden age of Hawaiian whaling. During the spring and fall seasons sometimes over a hundred ships at a time lay at anchor at Lahaina Roadsteads or in the harbor of Honolulu . Agriculture was stimulated to diversified production of ship provisions { | Morgan, 1948 |p. 140 | |zu:1574384:L484KL93} > "In 1838, the evangelists expanded their calling beyond religious instruction and liberal education to offer the Hawaiians training in plantation agriculture. Some members of the American mission had begun to experiment with large-scale agriculture as a means of generating additional funds and of providing the maka'ainana with an incentive to work." (Kashay 2007:295) > > "Agricultural exports had been insignificant before the 1830's. Beginning in that decade, modest exports of sugar, molasses, cattle hides, and tallow appeared rather regularly in the export statistics. In the 1840's coffee became another permanent export item. The California gold rush brought a brief but spectacular boom to Hawaii's agriculture." (Philipp 1953:51) > Gold Rush [[Material Conditions & The Potato in Hawaii]] - See Morgan (1948) Chapter X: The California Gold Rush .png) "As foreign vessels began to visit the Islands the number of imported cultivated plants and domesticated animals increased rapidly" (Philipp 1953:50) { | Philipp, 1953 |p. 50 | |zu:1574384:9FU6BW6F} [1790 sandalwood export starts](https://hdoa.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/HISTORY-OF-AGRICULTURE-IN-HAWAII.pdf) and peaks 1810-1825 (related to famine in crises chapter) "American missionaries, the first of whom arrived in 1820, were a major influence in spreading Western methods of agriculture. Among other things, they taught the natives how to yoke oxen, to plow and harrow, and to fertilize their crops." (Philipp 1953:52) { | Philipp, 1953 |p. 52 | |zu:1574384:9FU6BW6F} Whaling offered an early, if limited, off-islands market. “The Years 1843–1860 were the golden age of Hawaiian whaling. During the spring and fall seasons sometimes over a hundred ships at a time lay at anchor at Lahaina Roadsteads or in the harbor of Honolulu. Agriculture was stimulated to diversified production of ship provisions.” (Morgan 1948:140) { | Morgan, 1948 |p. 140 | |zu:1574384:L484KL93} "In 1838, the evangelists expanded their calling beyond religious instruction and liberal education to offer the Hawaiians training in plantation agriculture. Some members of the American mission had begun to experiment with large-scale agriculture as a means of generating additional funds and of providing the maka'ainana with an incentive to work."{ | Kashay, 2007 |p. 295 | |zu:1574384:8QACG7H7} **Something here about transition to cash work as a loss of primary production as an entitlement approach? ## 1800s "Agricultural exports had been insignificant before the 1830's. Beginning in that decade, modest exports of sugar, molasses, cattle hides, and tallow appeared rather regularly in the export statistics. In the 1840's coffee became another permanent export item. The California gold rush brought a brief but spectacular boom to Hawaii's agriculture." { | Philipp, 1953 |p. 51 | |zu:1574384:9FU6BW6F} “It is also important to remember that commercial agriculture itself, in spite of the rhetoric, represented a relatively limited part of the Hawaiian economy of the 1840s and 1850s." ([MacLennan 1995:35-36](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/6CPWZLWW?page=4)) "In 1840, the king ordered an iron mill from the United States, and 9 it was erected by August. Hung & Co. in 1841 advertised the sale of sugar and sugar syrup from its 150-acre plantation in Wailuku. More 10 than likely, this was sugar from the King's Mill. Records indicate that operations did not go smoothly." ([MacLennan 1995:39](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/6CPWZLWW?page=7)) "Food shortages led the Chinese manager to request a lease of the fish ponds in Wailuku in order to keep the men working for him." ([MacLennan 1995:39](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/6CPWZLWW?page=7)) "Organizing and feeding a sizable labor force to cultivate and cut the cane required a labor discipline and an available food supply that was not necessarily obtainable from the local native economy." ([MacLennan 1995:39-40](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/6CPWZLWW?page=8)) Cheap and steady food supplies for agricultural labor furthered global food relations.