![[PSP]] ## BREG https://hbe.ehawaii.gov/documents/business.html?fileNumber=205143C6 MASTER NAME: MAHI PONO, LLC BUSINESS TYPE: Foreign Limited Liability Company (LLC) PURPOSE: THE PUBLIC SECTOR PENSION INVESTMENT BOARD ORGANIZED IN: Delaware UNITED STATES REGISTRATION DATE: Dec 6, 2018 MAILING ADDRESS 2055 WOODSIDE RD SUITE 195 REDWOOD CITY, California 94061 UNITED STATES ## Old stuff - Scale domain analysis - Market concentration metrics - - COVID-19 impacts and responses ## Late Filings Penalties for Foreign Holdings Registration https://www.fsa.usda.gov/documents/foreign-holdings-us-agricultural-land-december-31-2023 - 12/12/2024 MP West, LLC $41,725.46 Late-Filer CANADA Maui County, Hawaii - 12/12/2024 MP CPR, LC $12,627.04 Late-Filer CANADA Maui County, Hawaii - 12/12/2024 MP East B, LLC $43,545.98 Late-Filer CANADA Maui County, Hawaii - 12/12/2024 MP Central B, LLC $57,544.33 Late-Filer CANADA Maui County, Hawaii - 12/12/2024 MP East A, LLC $53,334.03 Late-Filer CANADA Maui County, Hawaii - 12/12/2024 MP Central A, LLC $84,276.67 Late-Filer CANADA Maui County, Hawaii --- ## Introduction & Early Markets ## Recent (pre-existing) Market Structure ## General Description of Firm **Mahi Pono LLC** is a foreign limited liability company (LLC) registered in Hawaii in 2018 and managed by Mahi Pono Holdings LLC, also a foreign LLC registered in 2018. Mahi Pono Holdings LLC is managed by the Public Sector Pension Investment Board (PSP) of Canada. PSP is one of Canada's largest public pension investment managers, overseeing funds of armed forces and federal employee pensions. In 2018, PSP managed nearly CAD$160 billion in assets. While not reflected in the registrations, Mahi Pono is a joint venture of Pomona Farming LLC and PSP [@pspinvestments_2018]. Pomona Farming LLC is a California-based firm "created to invest in additional agricultural lands on behalf of PSP Investments" [@pomonafarming_2025]. PSP directly, through Pomona Farming, and numerous other subsidiary entities holds stake in production California (raisins, almonds, pistachios, and walnuts), as well as significant land holdings and agricultural operations in Australia. In 2018, PSP purchased 41,000 acres for $262 million from Alexander & Baldwin (A&B) after it closed operations of Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company (HC&S). HC&S was Hawaii's last operating sugar plantation which closed in 2016. ### Firm & Ownership ### Development Timeline Intents (Narrative analysis) Whats in a name? ## Policy Influence water rights - Consider the water infrastructure angle, see Knudson's work on the infrastructure legacies and privileging of some uses vs others - Cantor, A., Kay, K., & Knudson, C. (2020). Legal geographies and political ecologies of water allocation in Maui, Hawai‘i. _Geoforum_, _110_, 168–179. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.02.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.02.014) - Kay, K., Knudson, C., & Cantor, A. (2023). Plantation pasts, plantation futures: Resisting zombie water infrastructures in Maui, Hawai’i. _The Journal of Peasant Studies_, _0_(0), 1–24. [https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2023.2185140](https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2023.2185140)\ - Knudson, C., Cantor, A., & Kay, K. (2022). Just water transitions at the end of sugar in Maui, Hawai‘i. _Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space_, _5_(4), 2073–2097. [https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211052869](https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211052869)@kay.etal_2023 on Mahi Pono (or similar) ## Market Actions & Effects ## COVID-19 Impacts and Responses --- Thanks! I’ll compile a timeline from Mahi Pono’s founding through today, covering all significant activities related to its pursuit of water rights. This will include Hawaii state legislative bills, legal proceedings, board decisions, public hearings, and relevant news coverage. I’ll let you know once the timeline is ready. # Timeline of Mahi Pono’s Pursuit of Water Rights in Hawai‘i ## 2016 (Prelude to Mahi Pono’s Founding) - **Act 126 (HB 2501, 2016):** In response to a January 2016 court ruling invalidating Alexander & Baldwin’s long-held temporary stream diversion permits, the Hawai‘i Legislature passed Act 126 to **retroactively legalize “holdover” water permits** for three years. This allowed A&B (through its East Maui Irrigation Co.) to continue diverting East Maui stream water until 2019 despite the court’s decision, laying the groundwork that Mahi Pono would later rely on for its own water access. ## 2018 - **June 2018 – Stream Flow Partially Restored:** The state Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) **adopted new interim instream flow standards** for streams in East Maui, prompting the return of water to certain taro-growing streams after decades of over-diversion. This was a result of legal actions by Native Hawaiian farmers and environmental groups to enforce the public trust in stream resources. - **December 2018 – Mahi Pono Founded:** Alexander & Baldwin **sold 41,000 acres of its former sugarcane lands in Central Maui to Mahi Pono**, a new farming venture (a partnership between a California agribusiness and a Canadian pension fund). The deal included **50% ownership of A&B’s East Maui Irrigation (EMI) system** of ditches, tunnels, and reservoirs. Mahi Pono’s purchase – for a reported $262 million – was predicated on **continued access to inexpensive irrigation water** from East Maui; indeed, the sale contract valued the land at **$62 million more with 30 million gallons per day (MGD) of water available** than without. At the time of sale, A&B was still operating under Act 126’s temporary permits, which ensured water could legally be diverted through the end of 2019. ## 2019 - **Legislative Battle over HB 1326 (“Water Rights Bill”):** Anticipating the 2019 expiration of A&B’s water permits, lawmakers introduced **House Bill 1326** to extend these temporary water permits by up to 7 years (later amended to 3 years). Mahi Pono strongly backed HB 1326 as essential to its farming plans, warning that without it the **“diminished value” of its Maui lands would hurt agriculture**. The bill ignited fierce opposition – more than **1,000 pieces of testimony and nearly six hours of public hearing** – from Native Hawaiian taro farmers, environmentalists, and community groups, who argued it was a special-interest giveaway to A&B/Mahi Pono at the expense of public trust water rights. In April 2019, the Senate Ways and Means Committee **deferred HB 1326**, effectively killing it for the session. Opponents hailed this “historic vote,” noting the outcome confirmed the bill had been “intended to provide for A&B” all along. _(Lawmakers even questioned how the failure of HB 1326 might affect A&B’s sale agreement with Mahi Pono, under which water availability was a key factor.)_ - **September 2019 – **BLNR Renews Water Permits:** With no legislative extension in place, the state Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) moved to **authorize continued diversions** for the new landowners. In Sept. 2019, BLNR unanimously approved one-year **revocable permits for A&B/Mahi Pono to keep diverting East Maui stream water**. It even **increased the allowable diversion** to _45 MGD (on an annual average)_, up from the previous 35 MGD monthly cap. This decision drew outrage from community advocates, who saw it as a circumvention of both the legislature and environmental review. The Sierra Club of Hawai‘i promptly filed a lawsuit challenging BLNR’s 2018–2019 permit renewals, arguing the board violated its public trust duty by not fully considering impacts on 13 East Maui streams and traditional taro farming uses. (That case would later go to trial in 2020–21 – see 2021 below.) - **September 2019 – Long-Term Water Lease EIS Published:** Meanwhile, Alexander & Baldwin (with Mahi Pono as a partner) released a massive **Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)** for a proposed **30-year lease of water from East Maui** (covering four license areas from Honopou to Nāhiku). The 2,700-page draft, published in Sept. 2019, was a **required step before BLNR could approve any long-term water lease**. It outlined plans to divert tens of millions of gallons per day for Mahi Pono’s diversified agriculture and other uses. During the public comment period (through Nov 7, 2019), environmental and Native Hawaiian groups heavily critiqued the draft EIS as **“grossly deficient”** – noting it failed to disclose how much water would come from each stream, lacked essential maps, and downplayed cultural and ecological impacts. Dozens of community members submitted detailed comments highlighting these concerns and urging that the full restoration of streams be prioritized over private diversion rights. ## 2020 - **Mahi Pono’s Public Assurances:** Facing community concern about its water use, Mahi Pono engaged in public outreach. In January 2020, Mahi Pono’s COO (and former Lt. Governor) Shan Tsutsui penned an op-ed asserting that the company was “constantly looking at ways to improve” its practices to grow local food **“while also being respectful to our natural resources”**. (Skeptics noted this commitment would be tested in how Mahi Pono addressed the ongoing stream diversion issues.) - **May 2020 – Sierra Club Lawsuit and _Carmichael_ Case:** The Sierra Club’s lawsuit against BLNR (over the 2018–19 permit renewals) was set for trial in 1st Circuit Court in Honolulu in May 2020. Around the same time, a separate but related legal battle – _Carmichael v. BLNR_ – reached the Hawai‘i Supreme Court. In **May 2020, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments** in _Carmichael_, a case brought by East Maui taro farmers (represented by the Native Hawaiian Legal Corp.) challenging BLNR’s **practice of issuing annual “temporary” water permits for decades without environmental review**. Both cases underscored the growing role of the courts in refereeing East Maui water rights. _(The Sierra Club’s trial ultimately concluded in late 2020, awaiting a ruling, while the _Carmichael_ decision would come in 2022 – see below.)_ - **November 2020 – BLNR Extends Permits Despite Controversy:** With 2020’s end looming (and Act 126’s temporary authority expired), BLNR again took up the renewal of East Maui water permits for the coming year. **On Nov. 13, 2020, the Land Board approved another one-year extension of A&B/EMI’s permits** to divert East Maui streams – effectively securing Mahi Pono’s water supply into 2021. The permits allowed up to **45 MGD** to be taken from East Maui’s watershed for **Central Maui agriculture and Upcountry drinking water**. This decision, described as “controversial” in news reports, came over the **objections of environmentalists and Native Hawaiian community members** who testified about continued dry streams and harmed ecosystems. Sierra Club had even sought a court injunction to delay the BLNR vote, which was denied a day before the meeting. After hours of emotional public testimony, BLNR members unanimously approved the permits, with one member abstaining due to a conflict. Sierra Club attorney David Frankel urged BLNR to **cap waste and require upgrades** (pointing out that unlined reservoirs lose millions of gallons a day), and community members like Lucienne de Naie reminded the board that hundreds of East Maui residents with kuleana rights still live along **dewatered streams**. Nonetheless, the water continued to flow to Mahi Pono under these stopgap permits, while the push for a long-term resolution intensified. ## 2021 - **April 2021 – Court Rules for BLNR/A&B in Sierra Club Case:** In April 2021, First Circuit Judge Jeffrey Crabtree issued a ruling **upholding BLNR’s handling of the 2018–2019 East Maui water permits**. This was a setback for the Sierra Club, which had argued BLNR breached the public trust by renewing the diversions without adequate fact-finding on stream impacts. Judge Crabtree’s 46-page decision acknowledged the Sierra Club had “raised legitimate questions” and that there was _“no meaningful”_ protection in place yet for some of the streams at issue – **but** he concluded that, overall, BLNR had not failed its constitutional public trust duties in balancing water uses. The ruling emphasized Maui was in a historic transition away from water-intensive sugar cane, and it opined that **“Mahi Pono deserves some time and mileage”** to figure out its actual water needs for diversified agriculture. Sierra Club leaders expressed deep disappointment, noting the court essentially decided those East Maui streams were “less important than other streams” and calling the situation untenable. (The Sierra Club considered an appeal, but attention soon shifted to the _Carmichael_ case and ongoing lease proceedings.) - **June 2021 – “Na Wai ‘Ehā” Water Decision:** Separate from East Maui, Mahi Pono was also involved in water battles over **Nā Wai ‘Ehā**, the “Four Great Waters” of Central Maui (Waiheʻe, Waiehu, Wailuku, Waikapū Streams). On June 28–29, 2021, the Commission on Water Resource Management issued a **final decision and order** in a long-running contested case determining water allocations for Nā Wai ‘Ehā. The **362-page decision** – described as _“the most comprehensive ruling on water rights in Hawai‘i’s history”_ – aimed to balance instream flow standards with off-stream permits after the 2016 closure of HC&S’s sugar plantation. While the Commission recognized the **priority of traditional and customary Native Hawaiian water rights** in theory, community groups Hui o Nā Wai ‘Ehā and Maui Tomorrow (represented by Earthjustice) were **concerned that the decision left too much water in the hands of “big diverters”** like Mahi Pono and Wailuku Water Co.. In fact, even though sugar cultivation had ended, the Commission’s allocations largely **maintained the status quo flows from 2014**, restoring little additional water to the streams. Mahi Pono – which as the new owner of former plantation lands had applied for substantial water use permits – initially was granted around **15.65 MGD for its fields**. Community advocates argued this was excessive, and that Mahi Pono’s own stipulated agreements called for less water. In response, just days later the Commission **issued an errata reducing Mahi Pono’s allocation to about 9.125 MGD**(under 5 MGD from streams, plus 4.5 MGD from a well), after finding the company’s earlier request overstated its true needs and “excessive and unsubstantiated” system loss claims. Despite these adjustments, many Nā Wai ‘Ehā stakeholders felt the decision still fell short of fully “turning the page” on Maui’s plantation-era diversions. Earthjustice and its clients eventually appealed the Nā Wai ‘Ehā ruling, seeking a more robust restoration of flows (see 2024). - **2021 – EIS and Lease Progress:** By 2021, A&B and Mahi Pono’s **Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)** for the proposed 30-year East Maui water lease had been completed and **accepted by the BLNR**. (The FEIS, which BLNR formally accepted in mid-2021, evaluated the effects of allowing up to ~>80 MGD diversions for decades to come.) State officials indicated that with an approved EIS in hand, the stage was set for BLNR to consider auctioning a **long-term water lease** for East Maui – something both A&B/Mahi Pono and the Maui community were bracing for. In the interim, BLNR continued its year-to-year permit renewals; the **2021 permits**again authorized tens of millions of gallons per day for Mahi Pono’s use under conditions similar to prior years. ## 2022 _March 2022:_ In a major victory for Native Hawaiian taro farmers, the Hawai‘i Supreme Court delivered a **landmark ruling in _Carmichael v. BLNR_** that vindicated community claims over East Maui water. The Court found that the state had **violated the law by allowing A&B (and now Mahi Pono) to divert public stream water for years without performing environmental review**. Writing for a unanimous court, Justice Sabrina McKenna held that BLNR’s practice of continually reissuing “temporary” revocable permits for decades _“effectively bypassed Hawaii’s environmental laws.”_The March 2022 opinion remanded the case to the Circuit Court, instructing it to determine whether an Environmental Assessment is required for these permits – strongly implying that it is. Longtime East Maui kalo farmers like Ed Wendt (former Nā Moku president) hailed the decision as a **“milestone”** after generations of struggle, saying it **“brings hope for the future”** and that many kūpuna had “died waiting for water, for justice”. The ruling affirmed that **public trust resources and traditional practices must be protected**, and it put BLNR on notice that any further extensions of East Maui water permits would need proper environmental scrutiny. _(Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, the Circuit Court later confirmed that Hawai‘i’s Environmental Policy Act does apply to these water diversions. It even allowed a new claim that A&B was **“unjustly enriched”** by the state’s actions – noting that Mahi Pono’s purchase agreement valued a guaranteed 30 MGD of East Maui water at an extra $62 million, a benefit conferred by BLNR’s longstanding permit system.)_ - **November 2022 – Maui Voters Establish Water Authority:** In the 2022 general election, Maui County voters overwhelmingly approved **Charter Amendment 12,** creating the **East Maui Community Water Authority**. This new county-controlled entity is empowered to **take over and manage the East Maui water system** – a historic step to assert public control over an island resource that had been in private plantation hands for 145 years. The amendment’s passage (by a three-to-one margin) signaled clear public demand for “ethical, transparent, and sustainable” management of Maui’s water. The East Maui Water Authority is designed to have a board of community members (rather than mayoral appointees) who would oversee water use and potentially bid for the state water lease. Maui officials began laying groundwork immediately – by December 2022 the County Council was soliciting applications for the Authority’s board. Councilmember Shane Sinenci noted the Authority’s initial focus would be the Nāhiku, Ke‘anae, Honomanū, and Huelo license areas (the very streams at issue), with the goal of **finally giving East Maui communities a seat at the table** in decisions about their water. - **December 2022 – BLNR Restructures Water Permit:** At the end of 2022, in light of the Supreme Court’s _Carmichael_ decision and ongoing pressure, BLNR changed its approach to the holdover permits. In a Dec. 8, 2022 meeting, the board **“sunsetted” A&B’s four old revocable permits and consolidated them into a single, water-use focused revocable permit** going forward. Under this new arrangement, the state’s Division of Forestry and Wildlife took over management of the watershed lands, while A&B/EMI were given a permit strictly for water diversion. BLNR also set an explicit **cap of 38.25 MGD** (averaged over the year) on total diversions. Of that, **31.25 MGD was allocated for Mahi Pono’s diversified agriculture**, 6 MGD reserved for Maui County domestic use (Upcountry water supply), and 1 MGD for the Kula Ag Park. In approving this, the board cited the **“best interests of the state”** – claiming that providing water for local agriculture and food security was a public benefit. Notably, BLNR staff and even opposing attorneys viewed some of these new permit conditions as improvements. The Sierra Club and NHLC attorneys acknowledged being “pretty happy” with changes like stricter oversight, though they maintained that a full environmental review was still legally required. _(BLNR, in fact, attempted to invoke the existence of the 2021 FEIS to exempt this permit from additional HEPA review, a point that remained contested in court.)_ This stopgap measure would carry Mahi Pono’s water use into 2023, as stakeholders geared up for the looming long-term lease decision. ## 2023 - **Maui Water Authority Takes Shape:** Throughout 2023, Maui County worked to stand up the new **East Maui Community Water Authority**. The Authority’s board members were appointed and began meeting to build capacity for eventually managing East Maui’s water resources. By late 2023, the Authority had hired an executive director (to start in early 2024) and was coordinating closely with county leaders on a strategy to assume control of the EMI ditch system and water leases. The existence of the Water Authority sent a strong signal to the state that Maui intended to **end the century-old private monopoly over East Maui’s water** in favor of public stewardship. - **Ongoing Interim Permits:** With a long-term solution still in process, BLNR maintained the **status quo of annual water permits**. In December 2023, at its last meeting of the year, the Land Board again **approved a one-year revocable permit for A&B/EMI to continue diverting East Maui stream water into 2024** (superseding the prior year’s permit). The permit carried forward conditions from 2022, including caps on average draw and allocations between Mahi Pono and public uses. The Sierra Club and others continued to object that even with improvements, the permit **“still allocated too much water to A&B/EMI”** and that **millions of gallons were being wasted** in leaky, century-old reservoirs and ditches. Nevertheless, the board deemed it necessary to keep Upcountry Maui’s water flowing and Mahi Pono’s farms irrigated while the forthcoming water lease or transfer to the Water Authority was being sorted out. _(Notably, Maui County’s January 2022 resolution expressing interest in the water leases, along with the new Water Authority’s involvement, created a political push for the state to collaborate rather than unilaterally act on the water license.)_ ## 2024 - **June 2024 – Hawai‘i Supreme Court Bolsters Stream Protections:** The _Nā Wai ‘Ehā_ saga culminated in another major court decision. On June 22, 2024, the Hawai‘i Supreme Court issued a **134-page unanimous opinion overturning key parts of the Water Commission’s 2021 Nā Wai ‘Ehā decision**. The Court ruled that the Commission **“failed to meet its legal duties”** by not restoring more stream flow after the end of the sugar plantation era. Essentially, the Commission had **“passively” left in place the status quo flows** that had been set when HC&S was in full operation, instead of proactively seizing the “historic opportunity” to increase water for the streams and kalo farmers after 2016. The Supreme Court ordered the Commission to go back and **“properly restore Nā Wai ‘Ehā stream flows to the full extent practicable”** as mandated by the public trust doctrine. It also found the Commission had not adequately protected Native Hawaiian traditional rights dependent on those streams. This was a clear win for the community groups (Hui o Nā Wai ‘Ehā and Maui Tomorrow, joined by OHA) and a rebuke to the state for prioritizing off-stream users like Mahi Pono over stream restoration. Earthjustice attorneys called the ruling another historic step in “turning the flow of history toward justice,” noting that two decades ago Nā Wai ‘Ehā had been “drained dry for private profit” and this decision reaffirmed that **water is a public trust resource above all**. The case was remanded for the Water Commission to redo its allocation with a greater emphasis on stream and cultural use protection. - **September 2024 – Long-Term Lease Deferred (Mayor’s Intervention):** By fall 2024, the long-anticipated decision on a **30-year water lease for East Maui** appeared imminent – the BLNR had been _poised_ to award a license for up to **85 MGD** of East Maui surface water, widely expected to go to Alexander & Baldwin/EMI (and thus serve Mahi Pono). However, in a stunning 11th-hour twist, **Maui Mayor Richard Bissen Jr. personally intervened** to halt the process. On Sept. 26, 2024 (the eve of the BLNR meeting to consider the lease), Mayor Bissen sent a public letter to BLNR Chair Dawn Chang **requesting a deferral** of any long-term water license decision. Bissen urged the state to **“work with the county”** and local stakeholders on a collaborative solution, rather than rushing into a 30-year deal that could foreclose public options. Acknowledging Maui’s “water wars” going back 150 years, the Mayor called for unity and noted the recent establishment of Maui’s Water Authority meant there was a new public entity ready to participate in managing East Maui water. In response, BLNR’s Chair Chang agreed to **pull the 30-year lease item off the agenda** “in deference” to the Mayor’s request. This marked a significant shift – state officials tacitly recognized the need to integrate the county and community in any enduring water allocation plan. Many community advocates saw the deferral as a temporary win, as it prevented a long-term license from being issued to a private company without broader consensus. The East Maui Water Authority, which by then had seated its board and hired a director, began engaging with state agencies to carve out a path for **public-trust centered management** of the water resources going forward. - **December 2024 – Stopgap Permit for 2025:** At the end of 2024, BLNR once again voted to **renew the interim revocable permit for East Maui water diversion** (extending through 2025). In a 5–0 vote on Dec. 15, 2024, the board approved the permit for A&B/EMI to continue supplying stream water to _“35,000 Upcountry residents, farms and businesses”_ as well as roughly **10,600 acres of Mahi Pono’s farmland** in Central Maui. This action – taken in the board’s final meeting of the year – maintained the annual average cap (around mid-30s MGD) and kept much of the same conditions as the prior permit, with BLNR members emphasizing it was a _temporary_ measure while long-term decisions were pending. Sierra Club Hawai‘i objected that even this revised permit allocates more water than is actually needed (EMI’s reports showed about 32 MGD used in Q3 2024) and allows continued **waste via system losses in unlined reservoirs**. During testimony, community advocates showed photos of dry streambeds below EMI’s diversions and stressed that **taro farmers downstream still often have no water** while Mahi Pono’s reservoirs overflow. BLNR, however, declined to impose further cutbacks or require infrastructure fixes on a short-term permit, noting that such issues would ideally be addressed in a forthcoming long-term agreement. The permit for 2025 went into effect, ensuring Mahi Pono’s operations and Upcountry Maui’s taps would not be abruptly cut off as talks continued. ## 2025 (Present) - **Continued Negotiations and Community Engagement:** As of mid-2025, Mahi Pono continues to access East Maui water under BLNR’s annual permit, while all parties work toward a more permanent resolution. The Maui East Maui Water Authority is now operational and actively **engaging state agencies to acquire the water lease or infrastructure** in the near future, reflecting the community’s determination to assert public ownership over Maui’s water. No major state legislation has been passed since 2019 specific to Mahi Pono’s water, as the focus has shifted to administrative and county-level solutions. **Public hearings and community forums** remain frequent – from BLNR meetings (often live-streamed with passionate testimony) to Maui County Water Authority meetings – ensuring that Native Hawaiian traditional practitioners, farmers, and residents continue to voice their needs. The tone has become cautiously optimistic that a **collaborative framework** can be developed, one that supports Mahi Pono’s goal of local food production _and_ restores streamflows for the environment and culture. The decades-long fight over East Maui’s streams is not fully resolved, but through legal victories, new governance (the Water Authority), and persistent civic engagement, 2025 finds Maui **closer than ever to a just outcome** where water is managed as a public trust for the benefit of all. **Sources:** Key information was compiled from Hawai‘i news outlets, official documents, and public interest organizations, including _Honolulu Civil Beat_, _Maui Now_, _The Maui News_, Sierra Club Hawai‘i, Earthjustice, and Hawaii State government records, among others. All events listed are specific to Hawai‘i and primarily Maui, covering legislative actions, court rulings, agency decisions (BLNR/CWRM), and community responses directly related to Mahi Pono’s pursuit of water rights.