## Defining Risk Transfer The UNDRR outlines risk transfer as the "process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of particular risks from one party to another, whereby a household, community, enterprise or State authority will obtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits provided to that other party" [@undrr_2009] Annotation: Insurance is a well-known form of risk transfer, where coverage of a risk is obtained from an insurer in exchange for ongoing premiums paid to the insurer. Risk transfer can occur informally within family and community networks where there are reciprocal expectations of mutual aid by means of gifts or credit, as well as formally, wherein governments, insurers, multilateral banks and other large risk-bearing entities establish mechanisms to help cope with losses in major events. Such mechanisms include insurance and reinsurance contracts, catastrophe bonds, contingent credit facilities and reserve funds, where the costs are covered by premiums, investor contributions, interest rates and past savings, respectively. ## Where/does risk transfer within the food system as food regimes shift?   Foodways and risk - Early human transition from forage to agriculture - global system risk - following resilience practice (@walker.salt_2006; @gunderson.holling_2002) Global food regime shifts  **As the world globalized, and food systems became interconnected in novel ways, how was risk transferred and renegotiated?** ### Risk Shifts - When does drought no longer produce famine or largely impact household food security in Hawaii? - trace the history of droughts and famines to identify when drought stopped being and important factor in food crises - does time period align with a food regime shift? a local food system development? or a mixture of the two? - food system risk shifted from generally localized effects and impacts to broader society scale influence - what are the implications of food system resilience building in the scale shift of this risk? ### What are sources of vulnerability in each food regime? ##### Subsistence to Early Trade ##### Early Trade to Export Gold Rush ##### Production Formalization to Plantation ##### Plantation to Diversified / Import plantation hegemony and control over manifold aspects of society leads to labor organization response (see: maritime strikes) ##### Diversified to Local Food-Global Capital - just in time system ![[Hypotheses#^0ae846]] Risk transfer is **a risk management and control strategy that involves the contractual shifting of a pure risk from one party to another**. [source](https://www.cna.com/web/wcm/connect/b7bacbf0-b432-4e0c-97fa-ce8730b329d5/RC_Guide_RiskTransferStrategytoHelpProtectYou+Business_CNA.pdf?MOD=AJPERES) disaster risk transfer is "The process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of particular risks from one party to another, whereby a household, community, enterprise or State authority will obtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits" [source](https://www.undrr.org/terminology/risk-transfer) ## Possible References - Talbot, J. M. (2015). Food Regimes and Food Import Dependence: An Analysis of Jamaica’s Food Imports, 1950–2000. In K. Ervine & G. Fridell (Eds.), Beyond Free Trade: Alternative Approaches to Trade, Politics and Power (pp. 37–56). Palgrave Macmillan UK. [https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137412737_3](https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137412737_3) - Liu, C.-W. (2008). Hog island: Agricultural protectionism, food dependency, and impact of the international food regime in Taiwan [Ph.D., State University of New York at Binghamton]. [http://search.proquest.com/docview/304324104/abstract/1B60C5942CDA4B98PQ/1](http://search.proquest.com/docview/304324104/abstract/1B60C5942CDA4B98PQ/1) - Loke, M. K., & Leung, P. (2013). Hawai’i’s food consumption and supply sources: Benchmark estimates and measurement issues. Agricultural and Food Economics, 1(1), 10. - Chen, B., & Villoria, N. B. (2018). Food Price Variability and Import Dependence: A Country Panel Analysis. - Xu, Z. (2019). Food Dependency and Global Food Crisis. International Critical Thought, 9(2), 269–281. [https://doi.org/10/gg7mcr](https://doi.org/10/gg7mcr) - Chen, B., & Villoria, N. B. (2019). Climate shocks, food price stability and international trade: Evidence from 76 maize markets in 27 net-importing countries. Environmental Research Letters, 14(1), 014007. [https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf07f](https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf07f)